The process of determining how to implement utility competition is often cast as a struggle between two opposing camps: shareholders and ratepayers. There are, of course, two other major players, managements and regulators. The bipolar view tacitly assumes that shareholder and management interests coincide, and that regulators have customer interests at heart. Neither assumption is altogether valid. Shareholder interests deviate from management interests in important ways, just as the interests of the entrenched regulatory bureaucracy diverge from the public interest. Therefore, shareholder and management interests must be considered separately.
In the past, managements have often pursued their own interests, with devastating financial impact on shareholders. Competition offers shareholders an opportunity to increase their leverage over managements, thereby increasing their returns as well.
Short Shrift
The failure of utility managements to defend shareholder interests has cost shareholders a lot. The extent of that cost is evident in the low net return that utilities have earned for shareholders, measured as the sum of the dividends paid and the increase in investment per share. The cost can also be expressed as the dividend-to-book value ratio plus the percent increase in the book value. We will call it the earned shareholder return.
Utilities have historically produced meager earned shareholder returns. Between 1974 and 1993, the consolidated return for the 78 utilities we follow averaged only 10.3 percent. The annual dividend-to-book value ratio averaged 8.8 percent, while book value grew only 1.5 percent per year. The 10.3-percent return stood 2.2 percentage points below the return on equity (ROE) before writeoffs of 12.3 percent. In effect, although